A new study analyzing residues on prehistoric pottery from Eastern Europe reveals that early hunter-gatherer-fishers had a mixed diet of foraged plants and hunted animals, often combined in region-specific recipes. Researchers used multiple analytical techniques on 58 pottery fragments to identify both plant and animal remains, a challenge in prior studies focused mainly on animal fats. The team also conducted cooking experiments to better understand how residues form and to validate their findings on ancient culinary practices.
The main topics covered are archaeological research methods for analyzing ancient diets, the specific findings on Eastern European hunter-gatherer-fisher cuisine, and the scientific techniques used to study pottery residues.
Archaeologists are keen to learn more about the specific diets and culinary practices of ancient populations around the globe. An interdisciplinary team of scientists analyzed the residues on prehistoric ceramic cooking pots and concluded that early Eastern European hunter-gatherer-fishers likely foraged for plants as well as hunted fish and other animals for their sustenance, according to a new paper published in the journal PLoS ONE. And they often combined ingredients for region-specific recipes.
This is a burgeoning area of archaeological research. For instance, back in 2020, we reported on researchers who spent an entire year analyzing the chemical residues of some 50 ceramic cooking pots. The aim was to gain new insights into ancient diets, and the authors actually cooked their own maize-based meals in replica pots to test their hypotheses. They found that the charred bits at the bottom of the pots provided evidence of the last meal cooked. But the patinas contained evidence of the remnants of prior meals that had built up over time. So it depends on which part of the pot you sample.
Most prior research has been typically useful primarily for identifying animal remains; it’s more challenging to identify the kinds of plants ancient peoples might have consumed. The authors of this latest paper combined several analytical techniques to study the residues of 58 pottery pieces dating between the 6th and 3rd millennium BCE. And they, too, conducted their own experiments, cooking various combinations of the ingredients in ceramic vessels over an open fire.
Regional recipes
The authors selected their pottery shards from coastal, lagoon, riverside, and lakefront sites to get a range of ecological settings, and focused on shards with substantial crusted residues from foodstuffs. They also examined botanical records, where available, to get a sense of which plants were locally available at each site. After initial examination under a microscope, the most heavily crusted areas were imaged with scanning electron microscopy to better examine their fine structure. They also analyzed the lipids and bulk isotopes present in the residues.
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