Security researchers have discovered a resilient botnet of approximately 14,000 routers, primarily Asus models, which are being used as an anonymous proxy network for cybercrime. The botnet, named KadNap, grows by exploiting known, unpatched vulnerabilities in the devices, not zero-days, and is heavily concentrated in the United States.
Its key feature is a sophisticated peer-to-peer design based on Kademlia, which uses distributed hash tables to conceal command-and-control servers. This decentralized structure makes the botnet particularly resistant to traditional detection and takedown methods.
The main topics covered are the discovery of the KadNap botnet, its scale and composition, the vulnerabilities it exploits, its geographic distribution, and its resilient peer-to-peer technical architecture.
Researchers say they have uncovered a takedown-resistant botnet of 14,000 routers and other network devices—primarily made by Asus—that have been conscripted into a proxy network that anonymously carries traffic used for cybercrime.
The malware—dubbed KadNap—takes hold by exploiting vulnerabilities that have gone unpatched by their owners, Chris Formosa, a researcher at security firm Lumen’s Black Lotus Labs, told Ars. The high concentration of Asus routers is likely due to botnet operators acquiring a reliable exploit for vulnerabilities affecting those models. He said it’s unlikely that the attackers are using any zero-days in the operation.
A botnet that stands out among others
The number of infected routers averages about 14,000 per day, up from 10,000 last August, when Black Lotus discovered the botnet. Compromised devices are overwhelmingly located in the US, with smaller populations in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Russia. One of the most salient features of KadNap is a sophisticated peer-to-peer design based on Kademlia, a network structure that uses distributed hash tables to conceal the IP addresses of command-and-control servers. The design makes the botnet resistant to detection and takedowns through traditional methods.
“The KadNap botnet stands out among others that support anonymous proxies in its use of a peer-to-peer network for decentralized control,” Formosa and fellow Black Lotus researcher Steve Rudd wrote Wednesday. “Their intention is clear: avoid detection and make it difficult for defenders to protect against.”
Distributed hash tables have long been used to create hardened peer-to-peer networks, most notably BitTorrent and the Inter-Planetary File System. Rather than having one or more centralized servers that directly control nodes and provide them with the IP addresses of other nodes, DHTs allow any node to poll other nodes for the device or server it’s looking for. The decentralized structure and the substitution of IP addresses with hashes give the network resilience against takedowns or denial of service attacks.
Meridiano
