Oil prices surged due to U.S. and Israeli attacks on Iran and escalating regional instability, particularly around the crucial Strait of Hormuz shipping route. The main topics covered are the immediate price increase, the strategic risk to global oil transit through the strait, and attacks on regional energy infrastructure. Analysts warn that further disruptions, such as a closure of the strait or damage to major facilities, could drive prices over $100 a barrel. The market's reaction is tempered by prior risk pricing, but uncertainty remains high due to the conflict's unfolding nature.
Oil prices surged on Monday following the United States and Israel’s attacks on Iran this weekend, as some analysts predict that it could soon reach over $100 a barrel. Amid escalating attacks on oil and gas infrastructure in the region and stopped traffic in a crucial shipping route, experts tell WIRED that how the White House directs the conflict over the coming week—as well as Iran’s and other oil producers’ responses—will be key in determining just how high prices eventually climb.
The price of Brent crude jumped to almost $80 a barrel—a nearly 13 percent increase over Friday’s prices—when markets opened Sunday evening. The market has been pricing in the risk of the US’s aggressive stance toward Iran for months, says Tyson Slocum, the director of the energy program at the progressive think tank Public Citizen, insulating prices from an even more severe jump. But the disorganized US follow-through to the initial attack—which killed Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran’s supreme leader—is introducing much more uncertainty.
“For all of Trump saying, ‘Hey, you know, we took out Khamenei, we knew exactly where he was,’—apparently we didn't do the same for Iran’s attack capabilities,” Slocum says. “It seems like our plan was to take out Khamenei and then hope for the best.”
Iran controls the Strait of Hormuz, one of the most important shipping routes in the world. One out of every five barrels of oil travels through the strait. Major members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the world’s dominant oil and gas cartel, rely almost entirely on the strait to get their product out of the region.
“As long as I have been in the oil market, Iran and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz has been kind of the ultimate risk scenario for prices,” says Canadian oil market researcher Rory Johnston. Usually, he says, OPEC would respond to an international crisis that involves oil by increasing production. “But if OPEC's emergency production is on the other side of the problem area, it doesn’t do as much good.” Johnston compares the region to a garden hose, where a kink in one section can decrease output.
Throughout the weekend, while Iranian officials sent mixed messages on whether the strait is formally closed, traffic through the strait dropped to near zero. Insurance companies have jacked up policies on ships traveling through the strait, while some ships have been hit by drone strikes. What seems to be happening, Johnston says, is more of a “voluntary closure” than an official one.
There are worse scenarios for oil prices that could unfold in the coming days than just the closure of the strait. In September of 2019, drones hit major oil production facilities east of the Saudi Arabian capital of Riyadh. While the Houthi rebel movement in Yemen publicly claimed responsibility for the attack, US officials blamed Iran. The attack temporarily shot oil prices up 15 percent.
On Monday, Saudi officials said that they had closed a major domestic refinery following drone strikes, while a few other oil and gas fields across the region were also shut down. Qatar LNG, the country’s state-run liquefied natural gas producer, said Monday it was shutting down production due to drone strikes, sending gas prices in Europe spiking. Johnston says that continued, serious strikes like these could have a massive impact on prices.
“Going back to the garden hose thing … [that would be] more like taking a gun and blasting off the faucet,” Johnston says.
Clayton Seigle, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank based in Washington, DC, agrees. “The more desperate Iran becomes, the greater likelihood for it to use energy as leverage to advance its interests,” he says. “If tankers abandon the Gulf trade in large numbers, and certainly if major oil infrastructure is damaged, we're likely to see triple-digit crude prices again.”
Despite pouring money into Trump’s reelection campaign, US oil producers have been facing a rough year of rock-bottom prices and unpredictable federal policies, including tariffs. (In January, oil magnate Harold Hamm, a key donor and influence on Trump’s pro-fossil-fuel messaging, announced he would stop shale production in North Dakota for the first time in 30 years due to low prices.) Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which sent oil prices skyrocketing to nearly $130 a barrel, was a financial boon for US producers. Any similar disruptions to the global market that drive prices up will probably help oil companies in the US, the world’s largest exporter of oil and gas. But US producers won’t necessarily feel comfortable for a while. “They'll want to see how multiyear annual price forecasts may be affected,” Siegle says.
The White House did not immediately respond to WIRED’s request for comment.
It may seem strange for an American president to launch an international war that would choke oil prices during a midterm year when energy prices were already a contentious issue. Politico reported on Sunday that Democrats are already strategizing on how to message the attacks around energy prices; Slocum says that American consumers could see gasoline prices jump in response as early as this week. Over the long term, products like plastics and fertilizer—which both use fossil fuels as feedstock—could also be affected, leading to other price hikes down the road.
In the next few weeks, analysts say, signals from the White House and the region will have a major impact on how high oil prices go. “Does the Iranian government move to quickly end the fighting, or does it gear up for protracted conflict?” Siegle says. “Do the neighboring Gulf states more assertively back the US-Israeli offensive, or even actively join it? Does Trump message a quick wind down or readiness for weeks and months of warfare?”
In June, oil prices temporarily spiked after the US bombed Iran’s nuclear facilities. The intensity of the Iranian response—and seeming disorganization from the White House—this time may have a longer effect on prices.
“I don't think Trump has the wherewithal, the stomach for the type of engagement that we're currently barreling toward,” says Johnston. But, he says, “at the end of the day, Trump is the single person that will determine how this goes.”
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